If you play D&D, you should own a copy of the 4th edition Dungeon Master’s Guide. The current edition of the Dungeon Master’s Guide is a great tool, but as far as learning how to be a good Dungeon Master, you can’t beat the 4th edition DMG. But why should you hunt down a book for an edition of D&D you don’t even play? Simple: the lion’s share of this book doesn’t care what edition of D&D you’re playing, and just wants to make you a better Dungeon Master. D&D historian Shannon Appelcline said it best in his description of the 4e DMG on the DMs Guild:
“…the 4e Dungeon Master's Guide is mostly a book of advice for game masters, covering everything from running games to building encounters and crafting campaigns.”
It’s an especially good tome for newer Dungeon Masters who want to step up their game. Veteran DMs may find its advice a bit trite, but I find myself returning to its pages every year or so to remind myself of skills I had forgotten I had learned, or to try out some new DMing techniques.
Below are three pieces of advice that I come back to constantly, and why they’re vital skills for any Dungeon Master to, well, master. If you thought these tips were insightful, then I highly recommend you buy this book for yourself and read the whole thing cover to cover. There are some 4th edition-specific rules in this book, like its section on Skill Challenges, but I would challenge you to read those, too. I’m a big fan of Skill Challenges, and I use a version of them in my fifth edition D&D games all the time.
You Don’t Need to Know the Rules
On page 12 of the Dungeon Master’s Guide, its lead designer James Wyatt writes:
"When I started working at Wizards of the Coast, it took a long time before I felt comfortable running a game for any of my coworkers, even though I used to always DM for my friends back home. They all knew the rules better than I did, and I didn’t want to get caught in a stupid mistake. Eventually, I got over that. When I’m not sure of a rule, I ask my players what they think. If I make a mistake, my players point it out respectfully, and I reconsider my decision. From my perspective, the DM is the person who prepares adventures, plans a campaign, and runs the monsters and NPCs. I don’t want to be a referee or judge, and my players don’t expect me to."
No matter what you may think, you don’t need to know all the rules as the Dungeon Master. Despite his trepidation, Wyatt was in the ideal situation here; he had players that all knew the rules and could help support him when he drew a blank. But even if you’re a first-time DM running a game for first-time players, knowing the rules isn’t essential. If you’re playing fifth edition D&D, then the only absolutely vital rules you should know are: how to use ability checks, how to read a monster stat block, and how advantage and disadvantage works. If you have those three skills locked down, then you’re good to go.
Of course you’ll mess something up! But unless messing up a rule or two made the game less fun, did you really make a mistake? D&D’s designers wrote the game’s rules in a way that they thought would be the most fun for the most people. If you accidentally interpreted a rule incorrectly, but had fun with your “mistaken” ruling, then it wasn’t really incorrect. It’s just an accidental house rule.
Even if you want to learn the rules exactly as written (which is a fool’s errand, in my experience, and one that often does more harm than good), getting the rules wrong is part of the natural cycle of learning a new game. As Wyatt alluded to in the quote above, it’s usually better to make a snap ruling on the fly than to drag the entire game to a halt by cracking open the rulebook and looking for the rules. This isn’t always true, especially in high-stakes scenarios when the proper application of the rules may mean the difference between life and death, but most of the time it’s okay to make an ad hoc ruling. If you do this, make a note of the situation you made a ruling about, then you can go back to your rulebook after the game and remember the correct rule next time.
I’m biased, but the D&D Beyond search tool helps me look up rules I’ve forgotten before my players even know I’ve forgotten them.
Pay Attention to Your Table
The “Paying Attention” section on page 27 of the 4th edition Dungeon Master’s Guide is just a paragraph long, and I suspect most people will gloss completely over it. I want you to pay close attention to it, because understanding this piece of advice has saved more games than I can count from total disaster.
“Make sure you look around the table occasionally to see if the game is going well. If everyone seems to be having fun, relax and just keep going. If the fun is waning, ask the players what they want or need to bring it back, and take their opinions seriously.”
At first blush, this seems like fluff advice. Yeah, of course you want to make sure your players are having fun, that’s the whole point of this thing. I assure you it’s not that simple. First, consider: are you actively observing your players? As the DM, you’re probably doing at least three things at once at any given time, like putting on a funny voice as an NPC, while trying to remember what you said as that NPC last session, while also thinking of what monsters you’ll need for your next combat encounter. Paying attention to how engaged your three-to-six-or-more players are at the same time isn’t exactly easy when you’re also doing those other things.
But this skill is vital. Your game will instantly become better if you really think about how your players are feeling every five or ten minutes. Are they smiling in satisfaction while another player is taking their turn? Are they engaged in the RP? Are they looking frantically through their character sheet for the spell they want to cast next turn? These are all signs that a player is engaged and having fun—or at least pretending to have fun, which is sometimes just as important. If the player is constantly on their phone, or sitting silently and gazing into the distance, then something’s wrong. If multiple players are doing this, then something’s really wrong.
Once you’re able to roughly recognize your players’ level of engagement, you need to be prepared to communicate with them. This can be hard, especially if you aren’t super familiar with your players. I assure you that learning to communicate effectively will improve your DMing skills tenfold (and it’s a pretty useful skill in every other part of your life, too). If your game starts to falter, call for a short snack break and talk to the player who’s disengaging privately. You can start by asking a simple question: “Are you having fun? You seem distant today.”
Do your best to make your player or players feel comfortable in speaking openly to you. Don’t scorn them or judge them for their responses, and try to be compassionate and understanding. If you’re both able to be open and honest with one another, then you can start to troubleshoot whatever problem is making it hard for them to have fun. (The 4e DMG goes into more detail on troubleshooting problems at the table later on.)
End Your Campaign
“Know where you are going with your campaign. Don’t be afraid to end it when you get there.”
—Andrew Finch, designer
And I would add: “And don’t be afraid to end it before it gets there, too.”
A lot of good campaigns die a slow and painful death before they get to the point they’re “supposed to” end. A number of circumstances makes the game no fun anymore—ranging from player fatigue to life events making scheduling nigh impossible—but the DM dutifully soldiers on, desperate to reach the end of the story they’ve dreamed up. It’s happened to me! It still happens to me.
My advice to you, and my advice to me, is to end your campaign with a bang. If you sense that your campaign is sagging—that is, you see an epidemic of low engagement within your group—it may be time to swallow your pride and think of a suitably exciting end to your campaign before it becomes a death march. Then you can take some time off from your weekly game if you or your players need to recover from burnout, try swapping DMs, or even try a different RPG system entirely. I have a crackerjack Tales from the Loop campaign that I would love to run for my group someday, if only I had time.
I often dream up the ending of my campaign at the same time as I figure out how to start it. I think it’s one of my biggest weaknesses as a DM because it can keep me from living in the moment, but I also think it’s one of my greatest strengths, because it allows me to create a coherent story that all builds to a singular climax. If you’ve thought of a big climax in advance and need to end your campaign early, just cut and paste the big climax into the next session. It might hurt your ego. It might seem like a non sequitur because it didn’t get all the build-up it deserved. But if you like your campaign’s climax enough to think of it years in advance, it’ll be a fun capstone to your campaign no matter how sudden it is.
Likewise, if campaign has a major villain, you can easily end your campaign early by just letting your players fight them. If your Ravenloft campaign is sagging, then the vampire lord Strahd doesn’t have to be fought in the crypts of Castle Ravenloft; he could just as easily assail the characters as they reach the sacred hall of Argynvostholt, or when they are returning to the village of Vallaki to check in on Ireena. You might have to scale the villain’s power down a bit to make it a winnable fight (or better yet, let the players find a totally overpowered artifact or two to give them a fighting chance), but it’ll still be satisfying to finish the campaign with a straight-up fight against the main villain.
You can get the 4th edition Dungeon Master’s Guide on the DMs Guild. I urge you to buy the PDF there rather than pirating it online. The Dungeon Master’s Guild is a great resource for finding PDFs of old and out-of-print D&D books. Even though pirated copies of these older books are regrettably widely available online, the PDFs on the DMs Guild are well worth their cost. These PDFs are professionally scanned and optimized, which means they load faster and look better than the pirated alternatives.
James Haeck is the lead writer for D&D Beyond, the co-author of Waterdeep: Dragon Heist and the Critical Role Tal'Dorei Campaign Setting, the DM of Worlds Apart, and a freelance writer for Wizards of the Coast, the D&D Adventurers League, and Kobold Press. He lives in Seattle, Washington with his partner Hannah and their hellcats Mei and Marzipan. You can usually find him wasting time on Twitter at @jamesjhaeck.
I enjoyed 4th edition just as much as I'm enjoying 5th.
I always refer back to Wyatt's advice in that volume. the DMG 1 and 2 for 4E are great.
A ton of people are selling it on Amazon: https://smile.amazon.com/Dungeons-Dragons-Dungeon-Masters-Guide/dp/0786948809/ref=sr_1_13?ie=UTF8&qid=1548985565&sr=8-13&keywords=dungeon master's guide
I DM'd a campaign from level 10-18, and it has been, by far one of my favorite games I've ran. While I understand how it didn't connect with everyone, my group managed to enjoy it and have a good time with it.
I completely agree. Don't forget that the DMG 2 had some great stuff on how to create player hooks within the story and relationships within the party. I also seem to remember a section on alternate campaigns where every player would be the figurehead of a nation that idealized that particular players qualities. I have yet to do it but I really want to run a world where a nation of LG paladins neighbors a nation of CN rogues or warlocks.
Amazon has used only copies but here they are.
https://www.amazon.com/Dungeons-Dragons-Dungeon-Masters-Guide/dp/0786948809
My group still plays and enjoys 4E.
This is a great tip. I am going to grab a copy.
The best reason to pay for the official PDFs is to make sure WOTC gets paid. If we want to keep the amazing content coming we need to make sure were fuel the awesome with $. I have yet to regret $.01 I have spent on D&D products.
Looking forward to soaking in the 4th edition DMG for tips so I can improve my games for my players.
Great article, thanks.
I love 4E!
I love all editions including 4E. I know it's taboo to admit that.
Excellent article and really necessary insight. Thank you!
4e DMG2 also has great advice in it
One of the things that 4E did great was the minion system, it really freed DMs up to throw cinematic encounters at the party without worrying about overwhelming them with too many hit points to chew through. Having a fireball not just damage a group of dozens of menacing ogres but actually incinerate them to ashes opens up a range of encounter sizes and configurations that 5e doesn't always allow.
Great article... but beware bringing up old editions. Some people who don't understand gatekeeping will say you're gatekeeping. LOL I'm glad I kept all my old books, lots of ideas. There's also lots of great material from 4E adventures/campaigns.
WHOA! I thought nobody was supposed to talk about the 4th!?
It's the fourth rule of playing D&D. Rule 1: Always protect the Healer. Rule 2: The party doesn't split up in a dungeon. Rule 3: Always check for traps. And Rule 4: Nobody talks about the 4th edition.
For me, fourth edition never lived up to the promise of it's software integration. That's why many folks I know invested heavily in the books and then later I felt like a shill for WOTC. Our group had fans of 1st Edition through 3.5 Edition going to the Cons across the U.S. After we learned that a digital table wasn't happening, and played the version regularly for over a year, it became boring. Suddenly the game was a chess board using minis. Players lost interest in role playing because they only wanted to use their selection of assorted powers wisely. It cheapened the D&D experience as we knew it.
Thank Boccob that 5th edition brought that old feeling back for us.
You know another piece of advice we should take from 4e? Adding the Runepriest!
seriously it's a great class and we need a 5e runepriest
This, totaly this.
4th Was High Fantasy battle and roleplaying, 5th you struggle to kil 4 orcs...
And no Vancian magic, Power cards was simple and worked great.
One of the things that 5e has done is return the rules to the DM's hands.
What I mean is that there is nothing stopping a DM from have a wall of 4hp Orcs and 10hp Ogres :)
Minions are what you make
ofthem.Are there still places to get my hands on the 4e rulebooks? Heard great things about what it tried to do, and want to look back into it.
You can get the 4th edition core rulebooks as PDFs on the DMs Guild, along with several other supplements and issues of Dragon and Dungeon magazine!
Unfortunately, the books are out of print. That said, you can probably find them in decent condition at a secondhand bookstore with a little effort.