Dense fog does behave differently than darkness. The rules do make a distinction between them.
How dense fog behave differently than darkness and which rules make a distinction between them exactly?
Dense fog and Darkness are both Heavily Obscured areas, which means exactly what the Rules Glossary says that it means.
The distinction between the two is found within the rule for Line of Sight (from the DMG), which has been quoted previously. In that rule, one is used as an example of an effect which blocks vision and the other is not. It is clear that ultimately the DM is meant to determine whether a specific effect blocks vision or not on a case-by-case basis based on the text of the Line of Sight rule, not the Heavily Obscured Area rule. As a result, the best (common sense) ruling is that dense fog blocks vision and Darkness does not, because that's how it works in real life.
In Playing The Game / Exploration / Vision and Light is the Obscured Areas rules in which it explain ''A Heavily Obscured area—such as an area with Darkness, heavy fog, or dense foliage—is opaque.'' That the Glossary defines Heavily Obscured doesn't make a distinction between dense fog and darkness, nor is the omission of example in the Dungeon Master Guide for Line of Sight.
Dense fog does behave differently than darkness. The rules do make a distinction between them.
How dense fog behave differently than darkness and which rules make a distinction between them exactly?
Dense fog and Darkness are both Heavily Obscured areas, which means exactly what the Rules Glossary says that it means.
The distinction between the two is found within the rule for Line of Sight (from the DMG), which has been quoted previously. In that rule, one is used as an example of an effect which blocks vision and the other is not. It is clear that ultimately the DM is meant to determine whether a specific effect blocks vision or not on a case-by-case basis based on the text of the Line of Sight rule, not the Heavily Obscured Area rule.
"It's not used as an example, therefore it behaves differently" is an awfully thin reed to use to support a claim that the rules differentiate.
As a result, the best (common sense) ruling is that dense fog blocks vision and Darkness does not, because that's how it works in real life.
I mean, yes, but that doesn't make it RAW.
And there is no magical darkness in real life to base a common sense ruling on.
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In Playing The Game / Exploration / Vision and Light is the Obscured Areas rules in which it explain ''A Heavily Obscured area—such as an area with Darkness, heavy fog, or dense foliage—is opaque.'' That the Glossary defines Heavily Obscured doesn't make a distinction between dense fog and darkness, nor is the omission of example in the Dungeon Master Guide for Line of Sight.
And there is no magical darkness in real life to base a common sense ruling on.