Beasts are nonhumanoid creatures that are a natural part of the fantasy ecology. Some of them have magical powers, but most are unintelligent and lack any society or language. Beasts include all varieties of ordinary animals, dinosaurs, and giant versions of animals.
Monstrosities are monsters in the strictest sensefrightening creatures that are not ordinary, not truly natural, and almost never benign. Some are the results of magical experimentation gone awry (such as owl bears), and others ,are the product-of terrible curses (including minotaurs and yuan-ti). They defy categorization, and in some sense serve as a catch-all category for creatures that don't fit into any other type.
"Beast" is a fundamental monster type or category along with "Undead" or "Dragon". Every monster stat block will list up the top the size and type of that creature, e.g. "Small Fiend" or "Huge Elemental". Only a creature with the type Beast is a Beast. The Roc has in that section "Gargantuan Monstrosity" so it is a Monstrosity not a Beast.
That being said, non-value material spell components like that feather are nonsense and any DM who is forcing you to keep track of what type of feathers you are carrying is being a bit of a jerk in my opinion.
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Is a Roc a beast, for my spells 1 component is a feather from a beast, the creature descriptions don't really say what is a beast or not...!
It is a monstrosity, not a beast.
"Beast" is a fundamental monster type or category along with "Undead" or "Dragon". Every monster stat block will list up the top the size and type of that creature, e.g. "Small Fiend" or "Huge Elemental". Only a creature with the type Beast is a Beast. The Roc has in that section "Gargantuan Monstrosity" so it is a Monstrosity not a Beast.
That being said, non-value material spell components like that feather are nonsense and any DM who is forcing you to keep track of what type of feathers you are carrying is being a bit of a jerk in my opinion.