So there's nothing RAW buuuut...if you play Descent into Avernus, they address it
Thavius Kreeg who turned away from Torm after making a pact with Zariel, can no longer cast spells
The character in question is only identified as a priest, not a cleric. As far as my games are concerned, the PCs are the only people in the entire world that have character classes and the rules for those classes only apply to them. Everyone else follows their own paths which would be unbalanced (stronger, weaker, or just too focused) for PCs.
A priest that gets spells from their god is a cleric though. If they were a wizard or sorcerer or druid or such they wouldn't lose access to their spells just like that.
As for how you do things in your games, that's completely up to you obviously but also doesn't apply to whatever is discussed in a public forum in a thread of someone asking a general question.
An NPC priest that gets spells from their god might not even use wisdom as their casting stat or pull their spells from the cleric list, NPCs obey the rules of the narrative, not the rules established to balance PCs. If you read through the adventure modules, you can find many examples of NPCs breaking the rules that would bind the PCs.
It doesn't matter what they use or how else they work mechanically. They get spells from their god. They are a cleric.
Nothing in the rules state a character (NPC or PC) loses access to spells granted by their god if they have a falling out with their god. A cleric has a certain number of spell slots and spells he can prepare per day and these are based entirely on level and wisdom and have nothing to do with the relation to his god. An NPC Priest likewise has a specific number of slots and specific spells. You can homebrew either of those for thematic reasons, but once you do, that is homebrew not raw.
You can explain this thematically however you want, maybe the God is required to grant their clerics spells by a higher God and has no choice. Regardless of how you explain it thematically, when it comes to mechanics both PCs and NPCs with published stat blocks have specific abilities RAW to include spellcasting. By strict RAW the cleric could go to battle in 1V1 against his God he has all his spells and abilities.
What happens if they turn from their god? Mechanically, nothing. Narratively it depends on whether the god cares about the character actively worshipping them or not. If they don't care, nothing. If they do care, they'd lose their powers.
However that aside, I'd seriously question why someone would play a Cleric if they consider their character losing fate just like that. When you decide to play a Cleric you better prepare to find ways to stick to your faith one way or another. You don't have to be a priest for some church/temple or something, but you aren't just some random person who casually follows a deity or you wouldn't have gotten these powers in the first place. Few people believe more in the ways of that deity than you. Your faith doesn't get shaken just like that.
Also to build on what Jegpeg said, if a Cleric seriously finds themselves questioning their deity for some reason they might find themselves following another deity of that same domain so nothing would really change for them mechanically. In 5e the Cleric subclasses are all about domains, not individual deities. Individual deities are just something to flesh out your character's backstory.
Edit: so many grammar mistakes..
There's a huge difference between "casually picking up and dropping a god" and "renouncing your faith". A cleric renouncing their faith implies that there was a catastrophic revelation against the god in question, that made the cleric quit the job to find a new employer. Because as you say, a cleric isn't some random on the streets or a charlatan who picks and chooses who to pray to at any given moment. They devoted their lives to this god, and now there's been a huge upheaval and they don't know who to believe in anymore, but certainly not that particular god.
What happens if they turn from their god? Mechanically, nothing. Narratively it depends on whether the god cares about the character actively worshipping them or not. If they don't care, nothing. If they do care, they'd lose their powers.
However that aside, I'd seriously question why someone would play a Cleric if they consider their character losing fate just like that. When you decide to play a Cleric you better prepare to find ways to stick to your faith one way or another. You don't have to be a priest for some church/temple or something, but you aren't just some random person who casually follows a deity or you wouldn't have gotten these powers in the first place. Few people believe more in the ways of that deity than you. Your faith doesn't get shaken just like that.
Also to build on what Jegpeg said, if a Cleric seriously finds themselves questioning their deity for some reason they might find themselves following another deity of that same domain so nothing would really change for them mechanically. In 5e the Cleric subclasses are all about domains, not individual deities. Individual deities are just something to flesh out your character's backstory.
Edit: so many grammar mistakes..
There's a huge difference between "casually picking up and dropping a god" and "renouncing your faith". A cleric renouncing their faith implies that there was a catastrophic revelation against the god in question, that made the cleric quit the job to find a new employer. Because as you say, a cleric isn't some random on the streets or a charlatan who picks and chooses who to pray to at any given moment. They devoted their lives to this god, and now there's been a huge upheaval and they don't know who to believe in anymore, but certainly not that particular god.
Nothing about what I said there implied anything even remotely casual about it.
"You don't have to be a priest for some church/temple or something, but you aren't just some random person who casually follows a deity"
What happens if they turn from their god? Mechanically, nothing. Narratively it depends on whether the god cares about the character actively worshipping them or not. If they don't care, nothing. If they do care, they'd lose their powers.
However that aside, I'd seriously question why someone would play a Cleric if they consider their character losing fate just like that. When you decide to play a Cleric you better prepare to find ways to stick to your faith one way or another. You don't have to be a priest for some church/temple or something, but you aren't just some random person who casually follows a deity or you wouldn't have gotten these powers in the first place. Few people believe more in the ways of that deity than you. Your faith doesn't get shaken just like that.
Also to build on what Jegpeg said, if a Cleric seriously finds themselves questioning their deity for some reason they might find themselves following another deity of that same domain so nothing would really change for them mechanically. In 5e the Cleric subclasses are all about domains, not individual deities. Individual deities are just something to flesh out your character's backstory.
Edit: so many grammar mistakes..
There's a huge difference between "casually picking up and dropping a god" and "renouncing your faith". A cleric renouncing their faith implies that there was a catastrophic revelation against the god in question, that made the cleric quit the job to find a new employer. Because as you say, a cleric isn't some random on the streets or a charlatan who picks and chooses who to pray to at any given moment. They devoted their lives to this god, and now there's been a huge upheaval and they don't know who to believe in anymore, but certainly not that particular god.
Not always, particularly with evil Gods.
I think there are plenty of times Clerics will follow a God out of convenience, especially self-centered clerics who want the power the God grants. On the flip side evil Gods, particularly Chaotic Evil Gods are worried about themselves, their agenda and might not be at all concerned about how devoted their clerics are as long as the cleric advances the God's agenda. Why would a CE God care if a certain cleric had faith?
A couple examples from D&D fiction are Ervis Cale, Cleric of Mask who more or less hates Mask and both Dabne and Ivonnel from Drizzt books who are Clerics of Lolth but do not worship Loth. Ivonnel in particular is the most powerful Cleric of Lolth in Faerun despite not worshiping her.
In the case of Cale - he furthered Mask's goals. In the case of Dabne and Ivonnel it is implied that they either might be serving Lolth in some way or perhaps Lolth is just super Chaotic and gets off on the idea of these "blasphemers" stirring things up.
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Nothing in the rules state a character (NPC or PC) loses access to spells granted by their god if they have a falling out with their god. A cleric has a certain number of spell slots and spells he can prepare per day and these are based entirely on level and wisdom and have nothing to do with the relation to his god. An NPC Priest likewise has a specific number of slots and specific spells. You can homebrew either of those for thematic reasons, but once you do, that is homebrew not raw.
You can explain this thematically however you want, maybe the God is required to grant their clerics spells by a higher God and has no choice. Regardless of how you explain it thematically, when it comes to mechanics both PCs and NPCs with published stat blocks have specific abilities RAW to include spellcasting. By strict RAW the cleric could go to battle in 1V1 against his God he has all his spells and abilities.
There's a huge difference between "casually picking up and dropping a god" and "renouncing your faith". A cleric renouncing their faith implies that there was a catastrophic revelation against the god in question, that made the cleric quit the job to find a new employer. Because as you say, a cleric isn't some random on the streets or a charlatan who picks and chooses who to pray to at any given moment. They devoted their lives to this god, and now there's been a huge upheaval and they don't know who to believe in anymore, but certainly not that particular god.
"You don't have to be a priest for some church/temple or something, but you aren't just some random person who casually follows a deity"
Not always, particularly with evil Gods.
I think there are plenty of times Clerics will follow a God out of convenience, especially self-centered clerics who want the power the God grants. On the flip side evil Gods, particularly Chaotic Evil Gods are worried about themselves, their agenda and might not be at all concerned about how devoted their clerics are as long as the cleric advances the God's agenda. Why would a CE God care if a certain cleric had faith?
A couple examples from D&D fiction are Ervis Cale, Cleric of Mask who more or less hates Mask and both Dabne and Ivonnel from Drizzt books who are Clerics of Lolth but do not worship Loth. Ivonnel in particular is the most powerful Cleric of Lolth in Faerun despite not worshiping her.
In the case of Cale - he furthered Mask's goals. In the case of Dabne and Ivonnel it is implied that they either might be serving Lolth in some way or perhaps Lolth is just super Chaotic and gets off on the idea of these "blasphemers" stirring things up.