Am opponent with Darkvision (which isn't exactly supernatural in d&d by the way, most races and a lot of creatures have it) doesn't cancel out the fact that they are in darkness. Character still gets a bonus to their Stealth, but they have to find things to obscure them from the opponent's sight (terrain, fog, being Invisible) in order to Hide.
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First of all, those tags (supernatural, extraordinary) used to be important in 3.5. They aren't any longer, other than that the Sage Advice Compendium believes that neither are "magical" unless specifically described using the word "magic."
Second of all, in the context of Hiding, it is important to remember that a creature never just "hides" other than in a context that the DM has determined to be appropriate for them to attempt to Hide (other than one or two very specific exceptions we don't need to go into because they're controversial). You can find the rules for Hiding in PHB Chapter 7, but in short, "The DM decides when circumstances are appropriate for hiding."
Darkness, since it entirely blocks normal vision, is very often an appropriate context for hiding. For creatures with Darkvision, who see in Darkness as if it were Dim Light instead, Darkness may not be appropriate/sufficient to hide in, but also, it may, because Dim Light is hard to see in and effects your ability to see things clearly and make Perception checks. Your DM will decide.
An ability that provides "+10 stealth while in Darkness" would apply when in Darkness, not just when unseen in Darkness, so the creature attempting to Hide should still have that bonus. If the DM decides that the creature with Darkvision can "see you clearly," they should not allow you to even attempt to Hide. But if they do allow you to to attempt to Hide (maybe you're barely seen in the Dim Light, not "clearly"?) you should benefit from your +10 Stealth bonus.
There's isn't a RAW source for the DM to hand out a static modifier penalty (like -1 or whatever) to a skill check that's hard, but your DM might decide that you can try to Hide (with the benefit of your +10 stealth bonus from Darkness), but that nevertheless you have Disadvantage on that check because it's harder to hide from this creature than normal, or the other creature might have Advantage on their Search actions or Perception checks to find you because of their special senses. The Hiding section doesn't specifically talk about that, but in general, 5E always allows the DM to flexibly assign Disadvantage or Advantage to checks or rolls whenever something is easier or harder than normal.
How do the two powers interact? Does stealth auto-fail? Or perhaps just a penalty to the stealth roll?
The hider just needs some other cover from the observer to hide, and they still get their bonus.
It is up to the DM if lightly obscured is enough to hide, but either way, the observer has disadvantage on perception to see you (-5 to passive perception).
There is no penalty to the stealth roll, the situation still heavily favors the hider.
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A character has an extraordinary ability that grants +10 to stealth while in darkness.
Opponent has the supernatural ability Darkvision.
How do the two powers interact? Does stealth auto-fail? Or perhaps just a penalty to the stealth roll?
Am opponent with Darkvision (which isn't exactly supernatural in d&d by the way, most races and a lot of creatures have it) doesn't cancel out the fact that they are in darkness. Character still gets a bonus to their Stealth, but they have to find things to obscure them from the opponent's sight (terrain, fog, being Invisible) in order to Hide.
Helpful rewriter of Japanese->English translation and delver into software codebases (she/e/they)
First of all, those tags (supernatural, extraordinary) used to be important in 3.5. They aren't any longer, other than that the Sage Advice Compendium believes that neither are "magical" unless specifically described using the word "magic."
Second of all, in the context of Hiding, it is important to remember that a creature never just "hides" other than in a context that the DM has determined to be appropriate for them to attempt to Hide (other than one or two very specific exceptions we don't need to go into because they're controversial). You can find the rules for Hiding in PHB Chapter 7, but in short, "The DM decides when circumstances are appropriate for hiding."
Darkness, since it entirely blocks normal vision, is very often an appropriate context for hiding. For creatures with Darkvision, who see in Darkness as if it were Dim Light instead, Darkness may not be appropriate/sufficient to hide in, but also, it may, because Dim Light is hard to see in and effects your ability to see things clearly and make Perception checks. Your DM will decide.
An ability that provides "+10 stealth while in Darkness" would apply when in Darkness, not just when unseen in Darkness, so the creature attempting to Hide should still have that bonus. If the DM decides that the creature with Darkvision can "see you clearly," they should not allow you to even attempt to Hide. But if they do allow you to to attempt to Hide (maybe you're barely seen in the Dim Light, not "clearly"?) you should benefit from your +10 Stealth bonus.
There's isn't a RAW source for the DM to hand out a static modifier penalty (like -1 or whatever) to a skill check that's hard, but your DM might decide that you can try to Hide (with the benefit of your +10 stealth bonus from Darkness), but that nevertheless you have Disadvantage on that check because it's harder to hide from this creature than normal, or the other creature might have Advantage on their Search actions or Perception checks to find you because of their special senses. The Hiding section doesn't specifically talk about that, but in general, 5E always allows the DM to flexibly assign Disadvantage or Advantage to checks or rolls whenever something is easier or harder than normal.
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I'm going to make this way harder than it needs to be.
The hider just needs some other cover from the observer to hide, and they still get their bonus.
It is up to the DM if lightly obscured is enough to hide, but either way, the observer has disadvantage on perception to see you (-5 to passive perception).
There is no penalty to the stealth roll, the situation still heavily favors the hider.